Comparative Comparison of Research and Technology Funding Systems

Mirnezami, Seyed Reza; Maleki, Ali; Keykha, Ahmad

Comparative Comparison of Research and Technology Funding Systems

Document Type : Promotion Article

Authors

Seyed Reza Mirnezami

Ali Maleki

Ahmad Keykha

Research Institute for Science, Technology and Industry Policy, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Research and technology funding is considered a fundamental factor in the scientific and economic development of countries. This study adopts a systematic review approach to conduct a comparative analysis of research and technology funding systems in five selected countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and China. By analyzing policies, mechanisms, and trends in resource allocation, the study offers practical recommendations for improving Iran’s research funding system.Data were collected and analyzed based on a conceptual framework comprising nine key dimensions: policymaking, resource allocation mechanisms, resource allocation behavior, financing, access, evaluation, support and incentives, regional considerations, and science and technology diplomacy. The findings reveal that countries utilize a diverse mix of public and private funding models and emphasize competitive, indicator-based, and long-term approaches to financial resource distribution. Furthermore, developed nations tend to prioritize research commercialization, financial incentive policies, transparency in data accessibility, and international collaboration as sustainable pathways for advancing scientific development.The study concludes with several recommendations for enhancing Iran’s research funding system, including the establishment of competitive resource allocation mechanisms, the development of hybrid funding models, a focus on applied research, the creation of specialized funding agencies, improved transparency, and greater support for long-term and high-risk research initiatives.

Keywords

Comparative Study

Financial Resource Allocation

Research and Technology Financing

Research and Technology

Science and Technology Policy-making

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