Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences Organic Chemistry and Oil
Abstract
Iran has emitted over 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide by the year 2024, ranking sixth globally with a 2% share of total emissions. It is estimated that power plants consume approximately 71 billion cubic meters of gas annually, releasing 118 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The economic value of these emissions is roughly equivalent to Iran’s total petrochemical exports, which is $11.8 billion. Additionally, considering that one ton of carbon dioxide is emitted for every ton of cement produced, and Iran's annual cement production stands at approximately 72 million tons, the economic value of carbon dioxide emissions in this sector is estimated to be $7.2 billion. In addition to the economic value of carbon dioxide, it seems essential to control and manage the emission of this gas from the perspective of social responsibility, environmental considerations, climate change, legal requirements, and possible future restrictions on the sale of carbon-based products. Carbon dioxide is a valuable resource with wide and diverse applications in the food, chemicals, petrochemicasl, pharmaceuticals, construction, refrigeration industries, and most importantly in enhancing oil recovery (CO2-EOR). Given its economic and industrial value, adopting effective strategies for carbon dioxide management and utilization is essential. This article explores the status of carbon dioxide emissions in Iran and globally, examines methods for its optimal management and utilization, and proposes strategies for leveraging this national resource.
Song, C. (2006). Global challenges and strategies for control, conversion and utilization of CO2 for sustainable development involving energy, catalysis, adsorption and chemical processing, Catal. Today, 115, 2-32: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2006.02.029.
Lauren J. Barrett, Samantha Rush, Penny Vlahos (2024). Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide Removal, American Chemical Society, DOI: 10.1021/acsinfocus.7e8006; https://books.google.com/books/about/Chemistry_of_Carbon_Dioxide_Removal.html?id=55wPEQAAQBAJ
شعبانی، احمد( 1401). جایگاه جهانی صنایع شیمیایی در تولید ناخالص ملی کشورها، نامه علوم پایه، شماره هفتم و هشتم، صفحات 111-98.
Avami, A., Sattari, S. (2007). Energy Conservation Opportunities: Cement Industry in Iran, International Journal of Energy, 1(3), 65-71.
فاطمی، سیدعلیرضا، مصطفی پور، علی، پیروی، محمدحسین (1403). تحلیل وضعیت تجارت سیمان در ایران و جهان، مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی ایران.
Massoumi Nejad, B., Enferadi, S., Andrew, R. (2025). A comprehensive analysis of process-related CO2 emissions from Iran’s, Cleaner Environmental Systems,16,100251: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100251
Bill Gates (2022). How to Avoid a Climate Disaster: https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_r_00674
رضائی، مسعود(1402). درآمدی بر اجرای سامانه تجارت انتشار گازهای گلخانهای، مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی ایران. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1773159
Rennert, K., et.al. (2022). Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2, Nature, 610, 691: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05224-9
Prather, K., Barsanti, K. (2025). Is the air we breathe safe? Science, 387 (6738) 1019: 10.1126/science.adx1128.
Qiang Liu, Lipeng Wu, Ralf Jackstell1 & Matthias Beller (2015). Using carbon dioxide as a building block in organic synthesis, Nature Communications, 6, 5933: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6933.
Shaheed, N., Nasiriani, T., Shaabani, A. (2024). Post-synthetic modification of NH2-tagged metal-organic framework, A selective, effective, and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for CO2 conversion into cyclic carbonates, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 164,105679: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105679.
Nasiriani, T., Adabi Nigjeh, N., Torabi, S., Shaabani, A. (2024). MIL-88-NH2 (Fe) conjugated pectin through a post-modification Ugi four-component reaction: A robust bio-based catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate via CO2 fixation, Carbohydrate Polymers, 342, 122418: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122418.
Al-Shargabi, M., Davoodi, S., Wood, D. A., Rukavishnikov, V. S., Konstantin M. (2022). Carbon dioxide applications for enhanced oil recovery assisted by nanoparticles: Recent developments, ACS Omega, 7, 9984−9994:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c07123.
Davidson, O., de Coninck, H. C., Loos, M., Meyer, L. A. (eds.) (2005). Carbon ioxide Capture and Storage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Efthymia Ioanna Koytsoumpa, Chistian Bergins, Emmanouil Kakaras (2018). The CO2 economy: Review of CO2 capture and reuse technologies, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 132, 3-16: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.029.
Chenchen Zou, Minda Ma, Nan Zhou, Wei Feng, Kairui You, Shufan Zhang (2023). Toward carbon free by 2060: A decarbonization roadmap of operational residential buildings in China, Energy, 277, 127689: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127689
Yinan Li, Song Lan, Morten Ryberg, Javier Pérez-Ramírez, Xiaonan Wang (2021). A quantitative roadmap for China towards carbon neutrality in 2060 using methanol and ammonia as energy carriers, iScience, 24(6),102313: 10251310.1016/j.isci.2021.102513.
Lei Li, Ning Zhao, Wei Wei, Yuhan Sun (2013). A review of research progress on CO2 capture, storage, and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuel, 108, 112-130: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022.
Mohamad H. A. (2018). A mini-review on CO2 reforming of methane. Progress Petrochem Sci. 2(2), 161-165: 10.31031/PPS.2018.02.000532.
Filippo Bisotti, Matteo Fedeli, Kristiano Prifti, Andrea Galeazzi, Anna Dell’Angelo, Massimo Barbieri, Carlo Pirola, Giulia Bozzano, and Flavio Manenti (2021). Century of technology trends in methanol synthesis: Any need for kinetics refitting? Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 60, 16032−16053: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02877.
Yang Wang, Kangzhou Wang, Baizhang Zhang, Xiaobo Peng, Xinhua Gao, Guohui Yang, Han Hu, Mingbo Wu, and Noritatsu Tsubaki (2021). Direct conversion of CO2 to ethanol boosted by intimacy-sensitive, ACS Catal., 11, 11742−11753: https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c01504.
Xiang Yu, et.al.(2023).Trends in Research and Development for CO2 Capture and Sequestration, ACS Omega, 8, 11643−11664: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05070
Xin Li, Ning Gao, Fei Yuan, Lucheng Huang (2024). The development trends, technological competition situations and cooperation status of carbon-negative technology: A patent landscape analysis, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 89, 102966: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102966.
